| Citation: |
Yijiang Chen, Shan Yu, Jiahao Zhao, Yihan Sun, Xinxin Lu, Zebiao Li, Ying Zhou. Recent advance in solar-driven photothermal water-splitting for hydrogen production: a minireview[J]. Materials Lab, 2025, 4(2): 240009. doi: 10.54227/mlab.20240009
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Recent advance in solar-driven photothermal water-splitting for hydrogen production: a minireview
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Abstract
Solar energy's potential to revolutionize the energy sector is undeniable, with its ability to produce hydrogen—a clean and renewable fuel—via solar-driven catalytic water splitting. This review highlights the critical strides in solar-driven photothermal catalysis for hydrogen production, a technology that is promising, eco-friendly, and sustainable for energy in future. It first discusses in detail the classification of solar-driven photothermal catalytic water splitting for hydrogen production and comprehensively reviews the recent progresses, specifically dividing them into photothermal catalysis under external heating, photothermal catalysis by the concentrated sunlight, and photothermal catalysis using the full spectrum of unconcentrated sunlight for hydrogen production. Further, the mechanism of introducing thermal energy to enhance photocatalytic hydrogen production efficiency was also discussed, focusing on five aspects: thermodynamics, ionization constant, charge carriers, mass transfer process, and hydrogen-oxygen recombination reaction. Finally, this review summarizes potential challenges and possible research directions of solar-driven photothermal catalytic hydrogen production, aiming to provide readers with research clues and promote the further development of photothermal catalytic technology in hydrogen production.
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Author Biographies
Yijiang Chen received his BSc degree from Southwest Petroleum University, China in 2020. Currently he is a Ph.D. candidate at Southwest Petroleum University with Prof. Ying Zhou. His present research interests include photothermal catalytic water splitting for H2 production. 
Shan Yu received her BSc and Ph.D. degree from Lanzhou University and Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2009 and 2014, respectively. She was also a guest Postdoc from 2016 to 2017 at the University of Zurich. Currently, she is a professor at Southwest Petroleum University, China. Her research interests include solar-driven hydrogen production and spectroscopic studies of photocatalysts. 
Jiahao Zhao is currently a postgraduate student in Prof. Ying Zhou's research group at Southwest Petroleum University, China. His current research mainly focuses on photocatalytic water splitting using heterojunction catalysts. 
Yihan Sun is currently a postgraduate student in Ying Zhou's research group at Southwest Petroleum University. His current research mainly focuses on photothermal catalytic water splitting for hydrogen production. 
Xinxin Lu received her Ph.D. degree in Particles and Catalysis Research Group at the University of New South Wales, and did a postdoctoral research at School of Science and Engineering of the Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen). Her research mainly focuses on the fabrication of heterogeneous catalysts, theoretical simulations on catalyst properties, and photo(electro)catalysis for energy conversion applications. 
Zebiao Li received his Ph.D. degree from the department of Materials Science and Engineering of City University of Hong Kong in 2020. He is currently an assistant research fellow at PetroChina ShenZhen New Energy Research Institute Co., LTD. His research interests include photo/photoelectric hydrogen production. 
Ying Zhou received his BSc and MSc from Central South University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, respectively. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. at the University of Zurich (UZH). He then continued his work with a postdoctoral Forschungskredit grant from UZH. He was also awarded a fellowship by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and was a visiting professor at Kyoto University. He currently holds a professorship at Southwest Petroleum University, China. His research mainly focuses on the integrated development of new energy and fossil energy such as clean hydrogen generation from the gas waste from fossil energy, as well as the related in situ characterization techniques. -
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Yijiang Chen, Shan Yu, Jiahao Zhao, Yihan Sun, Xinxin Lu, Zebiao Li, Ying Zhou. Recent advance in solar-driven photothermal water-splitting for hydrogen production: a minireview[J]. Materials Lab, 2025, 4(2): 240009. doi: 10.54227/mlab.20240009
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Figure 1.
Schematic diagram of photothermal catalytic water splitting for hydrogen production classification.
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Figure 2.
Photothermal catalytic water splitting for hydrogen production under external heating. a Schematic diagram of the reaction system;[87] Copyright 2023, Royal Society of Chemistry. b The activity of photothermal catalytic water splitting for H2 production at different temperatures over N-TiO2 (P25)-620 and Au/N-P25-620/MgO(111), 620 represents the treatment temperature of P25 in ammonia is 620 °C (300 W Xe lamp).[88] Copyright 2019, Springer Nature. c Hydrogen production rates over Rh-loaded TiO2 at various temperatures. (Xe lamp equipped with an AM 1.5G filter, at a light intensity of 100 mW cm−1[2]).[21] Copyright 2020, Elsevier. d STH at various temperatures over Rh/Cr2O3/Co3O4–InGaN/GaN NWs (concentrated light intensity of 3.8 W cm−1[2]); e Stability testing over Rh/Cr2O3/Co3O4–InGaN/GaN nanowires by external heating at 70 °C (with concentrated light intensity of 3.8 W cm−1[2]).[89] Copyright 2023, Springer Nature.
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Figure 3.
Photothermal catalytic water splitting for H2 production by the concentrated sunlight. a Physical image of the reaction device, a 1.1 m × 1.1 m Fresnel lens produced concentrated natural light of approximately 16.07 W cm−1[2] in a plane area of about 8 cm × 8 cm; b Production efficiency of H2, O2, and STH result of the reaction in a) with InGaN/GaN nanowires supported on Rh/Cr2O3/Co3O4 as the photocatalyst.[89] Copyright 2023, Springer Nature. c Specially designed reactor (achieved light-concentrated furnace by a four-mirror floating-zone light furnace) for the photothermal catalytic water splitting for H2 production reaction; d The STH efficiency results at 270 °C with the reactor in c) over Pt/N-TiO2 in Dead Sea water.[22] Copyright 2024, Springer Nature.
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Figure 4.
H2 production efficiency and surface temperature distribution of different samples under UV-Vis and UV-Vis-IR (full spectrum) irradiation. a H2 production efficiency of ST NS, AST NS, and ST NS-Au); b Hydrogen production efficiency of ST NS and AST NS at 60 °C; c Surface temperature distribution of SiO2 and AS.[95] Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH. d Photothermal images of CN, CCO and CCO/CN with different CCO amounts after 300 s of irradiation; e H2 production efficiency of them.[96] Copyright 2022, Royal Society of Chemistry. f-g The heat transfer processes 3% Ag2S/PCNVs: f A two-dimensional (2D) finite element model at 20 °C; g A 2D finite element model at 59.6 °C; h photothermal conversion efficiency of 3% Ag2S/PCNVs.[94] Copyright 2023, Elsevier.
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Figure 5.
Evaluation of light and thermal effects on hydrogen production activity with M-CN and C-CN under different conditions. a-b M-CN (a) and C-CN (b) under full spectrum irradiation by PTC (60 °C), PC, and TC (60 °C) methods; c-d M-CN (c) and C-CN (d) under external heating with different methods (PTC (80 °C), PC, and TC (80 °C)); e-f M-CN (e) and C-CN (f) under full spectrum irradiation; g-h M-CN (g) and C-CN (h) under full spectrum irradiation.[101] Copyright 2023, Elsevier.
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Figure 6.
Powder 3D assembled catalytic system of photothermal catalytic water splitting for hydrogen production under irradiation without concentrated light. a Structural diagram of porous elastomer hydrogel nanocomposite.[102] Copyright 2023, Springer Nature. b Schematic structure and microscopic images of wood/CoO composite; c thermal imaging of Wood/CoO composite under light irradiation; d Gibbs free energy changes of different phase interfaces for hydrogen evolution from water splitting; e comparison of the photocatalytic water splitting efficiency of carbonized wood/CuS-MoS2 with others (solar simulator (AM 1.5 G), 100 mW cm−1[2]).[5] Copyright 2021, Springer Nature.
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Figure 7.
Redox potential and Gibbs free energy (ΔG) changes of water splitting at different temperatures. a Temperature dependence of redox potential of half-reaction in water splitting.[112] Copyright 2021, Elsevier. b-c The (ΔG) changes for H2 (b) and O2 (c) evolution in the biphase and triphase system at different temperatures.[11] Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH.
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Figure 8.
The reaction energy barriers of different catalysts in photothermal catalytic water splitting for H2 production at different temperatures. a Mg, Al co-doped and Rh/Cr2O3/CoOOH co-loaded SrTiO3.[24] Copyright 2024, Elsevier. b Fe&Cu-In2O3.[81] Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society.
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Figure 9.
TRPL decay of N-TiO2 at different pH environments (simulate different ionization constants). a Acidic conditions; b alkaline conditions.[88] Copyright 2019, Springer Nature.
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Figure 10.
Influence of temperature on the charge carrier transfer process. a Photocurrent results and b EIS results of Mg, Al co-doped and Rh/Cr2O3/CoOOH co-loaded SrTiO3 at different temperatures.[24] Copyright 2024, Elsevier. c-d The lifetime of photogenerated electrons by transient photovoltage measurements of TiO2 NPs (c) and TiO2 NTs (d) at different temperatures.[114] Copyright 2015, Royal Society of Chemistry.
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Figure 11.
Experimental study on the temperature dependence of hydrogen-oxygen recombination reaction over Rh/Cr2O3/Co3O4–InGaN/GaN nanowires (with concentrated light intensity of 3.8 W cm−1[2]).[89] Copyright 2023, Springer Nature.
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Figure 12.
The schematic diagram for the potential effects on the improved activity of the photothermal catalytic water splitting mechanism for H2 production: ① thermodynamics and reaction activation energy; ② ionization constant (H+ concentration); ③ charge transfer of carriers; ④ mass transfer process; ⑤ hydrogen-oxygen recombination reaction.
