| Citation: |
Peng Han, Ye Chen. Lattice engineering of high-entropy alloy nanomaterials for electrocatalytic applications[J]. Materials Lab, 2025, 4(2): 240018. doi: 10.54227/mlab.20240018
|
Lattice engineering of high-entropy alloy nanomaterials for electrocatalytic applications
-
Abstract
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) refer to alloys consisting of five or more principal elements with equiatomic or near-equiatomic proportions and high configurational entropy, featuring great potential in various applications. Particularly, at the nanometer scale, recent advancements of design and synthesis of HEAs demonstrate their remarkable prospects in electrocatalysis. As a pivotal approach to tailoring the electrocatalytic properties of HEA nanomaterials, lattice engineering can manipulate the lattice strain and phase of HEAs, directly tailoring their intrinsic structural factors including electronic structures, surface active sites, and stability. This review summarizes recent advances in the lattice engineering of HEA nanomaterials, including both aspects of lattice strain control and phase control. We also discuss the impact of lattice-dependent properties on electrocatalysis and highlight ongoing challenges and potential opportunities for future research, providing guidelines for design and preparation of high-performance HEA electrocatalysts.
-
Keywords:
- High-entropy /
- alloys /
- / /
- Lattice /
- engineering /
- / /
- Electrocatalysis /
- / /
- High-entropy /
- intermetallics /
- / /
- Phase /
- engineering
-
-
Author Biographies
Peng Han obtained his B.S. at China University of Petroleum (East China) in 2015 and M.S. (Supervisor: Prof. Gengfeng Zheng) at Fudan University in 2018. He is currently a Ph.D. candidate (Supervisor: Prof. Ye Chen) at The Chinese University of Hong Kong. He mainly focuses on research related to phase engineering of high-entropy alloy nanomaterials and their applications in electrocatalysis. 
Dr. Ye Chen is currently an Assistant Professor at the Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong. She received her B. Eng. and Ph.D. degrees (Supervisor: Prof. Hua Zhang) in Materials Science and Engineering from Nanyang Technological University (Singapore) in 2015 and 2019, respectively. Her current research interest focuses on wet-chemical synthesis of novel low-dimensional nanomaterials and their applications in catalysis, clean energy, and biomedicine. -
References
1. J. W. Yeh, S. K. Chen, S. J. Lin, J. Y. Gan, T. S. Chin, T. T. Shun, C. H. Tsau, S. Y. Chang, Adv. Eng. Mater., 2004, 6, 299 2. B. Cantor, I. T. H. Chang, P. Knight, A. J. B. Vincent, Mater. Sci. Eng., 2004, 375-377, 213 3. W. L. Hsu, C. W. Tsai, A. C. Yeh, J. W. Yeh, Nat. Rev. Chem., 2024, 8, 471 4. X. Huang, G. Yang, S. Li, H. Wang, Y. Cao, F. Peng, H. Yu, J. Energy Chem., 2022, 68, 721 5. D. Liu, Q. Yu, S. Kabra, M. Jiang, P. Forna-Kreutzer, R. Zhang, M. Payne, F. Walsh, B. Gludovatz, M. Asta, A. M. Minor, E. P. George, R. O. Ritchie, Science, 2022, 378, 978 6. P. Shi, R. Li, Y. Li, Y. Wen, Y. Zhong, W. Ren, Z. Shen, T. Zheng, J. Peng, X. Liang, P. Hu, N. Min, Y. Zhang, Y. Ren, P. K. Liaw, D. Raabe, Y.-D. Wang, Science, 2021, 373, 912 7. Y. Liao, Y. Li, R. Zhao, J. Zhang, L. Zhao, L. Ji, Z. Zhang, X. Liu, G. Qin, X. Zhang, Natl. Sci. Rev., 2022, 9, nwac041 8. F. von Rohr, M. J. Winiarski, J. Tao, T. Klimczuk, R. J. Cava, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2016, 113, 7144 9. Y. Xin, S. Li, Y. Qian, W. Zhu, H. Yuan, P. Jiang, R. Guo, L. Wang, ACS Catal., 2020, 10, 11280 10. T. Loffler, A. Ludwig, J. Rossmeisl, W. Schuhmann, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2021, 60, 26894 11. X. Yan, Y. Zhou, S. Wang, Adv. Funct. Mater, 2025, 35, 2413115 12. E. P. George, D. Raabe, R. O. Ritchie, Nat. Rev. Mater., 2019, 4, 515 13. T. A. A. Batchelor, J. K. Pedersen, S. H. Winther, I. E. Castelli, K. W. Jacobsen, J. Rossmeisl, Joule, 2019, 3, 834 14. H. Wang, Q. He, X. Gao, Y. Shang, W. Zhu, W. Zhao, Z. Chen, H. Gong, Y. Yang, Adv. Mater., 2024, 36, e2305453 15. W.-L. Hsu, Y.-C. Yang, C.-Y. Chen, J.-W. Yeh, Intermetallics, 2017, 89, 105 16. D. Zhang, Y. Shi, H. Zhao, W. Qi, X. Chen, T. Zhan, S. Li, B. Yang, M. Sun, J. Lai, B. Huang, L. Wang, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2021, 9, 889 17. J. Hao, T. Wang, J. Cai, G. Gao, Z. Zhuang, R. Yu, J. Wu, G. Wu, S. Lu, X. Wang, M. Du, D. Wang, H. Zhu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2025, 64, e202419369 18. M. Li, F. Lin, S. Zhang, R. Zhao, L. Tao, L. Li, J. Li, L. Zeng, M. Luo, S. Guo, Sci. Adv., 2024, 10, eadn2877 19. X. Han, G. Wu, S. Zhao, J. Guo, M. Yan, X. Hong, D. Wang, Matter, 2023, 6, 1717 20. Y. Sun, W. Zhang, Q. Zhang, Y. Li, L. Gu, S. Guo, Matter, 2023, 6, 193 21. C. Zhan, Y. Xu, L. Bu, H. Zhu, Y. Feng, T. Yang, Y. Zhang, Z. Yang, B. Huang, Q. Shao, X. Huang, Nat. Commun., 2021, 12, 6261 22. L. Tao, M. Sun, Y. Zhou, M. Luo, F. Lv, M. Li, Q. Zhang, L. Gu, B. Huang, S. Guo, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2022, 144, 10582 23. Y. Kang, O. Cretu, J. Kikkawa, K. Kimoto, H. Nara, A. S. Nugraha, H. Kawamoto, M. Eguchi, T. Liao, Z. Sun, T. Asahi, Y. Yamauchi, Nat. Commun., 2023, 14, 4182 24. L. Fu, H. N. Nam, J. Zhou, Y. Kang, K. Wang, Z. Zhou, Y. Zhao, L. Zhu, R. Nandan, M. Eguchi, Q. M. Phung, T. Yokoshima, K. Wu, Y. Yamauchi, ACS Nano, 2024, 18, 27617 25. X. Zhang, K. Ren, Y. Liu, Z. Gu, Z. Huang, S. Zheng, X. Wang, J. Guo, I. V. Zatovsky, J. Cao, X. Wu, Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin., 2024, 40, 2307057 26. D. Wu, K. Kusada, Y. Nanba, M. Koyama, T. Yamamoto, T. Toriyama, S. Matsumura, O. Seo, I. Gueye, J. Kim, L. S. Rosantha Kumara, O. Sakata, S. Kawaguchi, Y. Kubota, H. Kitagawa, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2022, 144, 3365 27. H. Guo, S. Guo, CCS Chem., 2025, 7, 326 28. Y. Sheng, J. Xie, R. Yang, H. Yu, K. Deng, J. Wang, H. Wang, L. Wang, Y. Xu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2024, 63, e202410442 29. F. Xing, J. Ma, K. I. Shimizu, S. Furukawa, Nat. Commun., 2022, 13, 5065 30. L. Zhang, X. Zhang, C. Chen, J. Zhang, W. Tan, Z. Xu, Z. Zhong, L. Du, H. Song, S. Liao, Y. Zhu, Z. Zhou, Z. Cui, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2024, 63, e202411123 31. V. A. Mints, J. K. Pedersen, A. Bagger, J. Quinson, A. S. Anker, K. M. Ø. Jensen, J. Rossmeisl, M. Arenz, ACS Catal., 2022, 12, 11263 32. Y. Chang, I. Benlolo, Y. Bai, C. Reimer, D. Zhou, H. Zhang, H. Matsumura, H. Choubisa, X.-Y. Li, W. Chen, P. Ou, I. Tamblyn, E. H. Sargent, Matter, 2024, 7, 4099 33. L. Tao, B. Huang, Y. Zhao, Chem. Rec., 2023, 23, e202300097 34. H. Huang, C. Chen, C. C. Chang, F. Lai, S. Liu, H. Fu, Y. Chen, H. Li, W. H. Huang, N. Zhang, T. Liu, Adv. Mater., 2024, 36, e2314142 35. M. Luo, S. Guo, Nat. Rev. Mater., 2017, 2, 17059 36. M. Mavrikakis, B. Hammer, J. K. Nørskov, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1998, 81, 2819 37. J. Li, Y. Chen, Q. He, X. Xu, H. Wang, C. Jiang, B. Liu, Q. Fang, Y. Liu, Y. Yang, P. K. Liaw, C. T. Liu, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2022, 119, e2200607119 38. Q. Ding, Y. Zhang, X. Chen, X. Fu, D. Chen, S. Chen, L. Gu, F. Wei, H. Bei, Y. Gao, M. Wen, J. Li, Z. Zhang, T. Zhu, R. O. Ritchie, Q. Yu, Nature, 2019, 574, 223 39. S. Guo, Q. Hu, C. Ng, C. T. Liu, Intermetallics, 2013, 41, 96 40. B. Wang, W. Liu, Y. Leng, X. Yu, C. Wang, L. Hu, X. Zhu, C. Wu, Y. Yao, Z. Zou, iScience, 2023, 26, 106326 41. H. Zhu, Z. Zhu, J. Hao, S. Sun, S. Lu, C. Wang, P. Ma, W. Dong, M. Du, Chem. Eng. J., 2022, 431, 133251 42. H. Luo, L. Li, F. Lin, Q. Zhang, K. Wang, D. Wang, L. Gu, M. Luo, F. Lv, S. Guo, Adv. Mater., 2024, 36, e2403674 43. D. Wang, Z. Chen, Y.-C. Huang, W. Li, J. Wang, Z. Lu, K. Gu, T. Wang, Y. Wu, C. Chen, Y. Zhang, X. Huang, L. Tao, C.-L. Dong, J. Chen, C. V. Singh, S. Wang, Sci. China Mater., 2021, 64, 2454 44. Q. J. Li, H. Sheng, E. Ma, Nat. Commun., 2019, 10, 3563 45. Q. Chen, X. Han, Z. Xu, Q. Chen, Q. Wu, T. Zheng, P. Wang, Z. Wang, J. Wang, H. Li, Z. Xia, J. Hao, Nano Energy, 2023, 110, 108380 46. X. Zou, X. Zhao, B. Pang, H. Ma, K. Zeng, S. Zhi, H. Guo, Adv. Mater., 2024, 36, 2412954 47. X. Zhao, H. Cheng, X. Chen, Q. Zhang, C. Li, J. Xie, N. Marinkovic, L. Ma, J. C. Zheng, K. Sasaki, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2024, 146, 3010 48. C. Wagner, G. Laplanche, Acta Mater., 2023, 244, 118541 49. E. Ma, X. Wu, Nat. Commun., 2019, 10, 5623 50. T. Zirari, V. Trabadelo, Heliyon, 2024, 10, e25867 51. M. Garg, H. S. Grewal, R. K. Sharma, H. S. Arora, ACS Omega, 2022, 7, 12589 52. P. Muhammad, A. Zada, J. Rashid, S. Hanif, Y. Gao, C. Li, Y. Li, K. Fan, Y. Wang, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2024, 34, 2314686 53. Y. Yang, Z. Jia, Q. Wang, Y. Liu, L. Sun, B. Sun, J. Kuang, S. Dai, J. He, S. Liu, L. Duan, H. Tang, L.-C. Zhang, J. J. Kruzic, J. Lu, B. Shen, Energy Environ. Sci., 2024, 17, 5854 54. Y. Chen, Z. Lai, X. Zhang, Z. Fan, Q. He, C. Tan, H. Zhang, Nat. Rev. Chem., 2020, 4, 243 55. H. Chen, M. Zhang, Y. Wang, K. Sun, L. Wang, Z. Xie, Y. Shen, X. Han, L. Yang, X. Zou, Nano Res., 2022, 15, 10194 56. H. Wang, P. Y. Yang, W. J. Zhao, S. H. Ma, J. H. Hou, Q. F. He, C. L. Wu, H. A. Chen, Q. Wang, Q. Cheng, B. S. Guo, J. C. Qiao, W. J. Lu, S. J. Zhao, X. D. Xu, C. T. Liu, Y. Liu, C. W. Pao, Y. Yang, Nat. Commun., 2024, 15, 6782 57. H. Wang, Q.-F. He, Y. Yang, Rare Met., 2022, 41, 1989 58. Q. Zhang, M. Song, G. Luo, T. Shen, H. Hu, D. Wang, Chem. Mater., 2024, 36, 10967 59. Y. Nakaya, S. Furukawa, Chem. Sci., 2024, 15, 12644 60. Y. Yao, Q. Dong, A. Brozena, J. Luo, J. Miao, M. Chi, C. Wang, I. G. Kevrekidis, Z. J. Ren, J. Greeley, G. Wang, A. Anapolsky, L. Hu, Science, 2022, 376, eabn3103 61. Y. Yan, J. S. Du, K. D. Gilroy, D. Yang, Y. Xia, H. Zhang, Adv. Mater., 2017, 29, 1605997 62. Y. Sun, S. Dai, Nat. Synth., 2024, 3, 1457 63. M. Cui, C. Yang, S. Hwang, M. Yang, S. Overa, Q. Dong, Y. Yao, A. H. Brozena, D. A. Cullen, M. Chi, T. F. Blum, D. Morris, Z. Finfrock, X. Wang, P. Zhang, V. G. Goncharov, X. Guo, J. Luo, Y. Mo, F. Jiao, L. Hu, Sci. Adv., 2022, 8, eabm4322 64. S. A. Kube, J. Schroers, Scr. Mater., 2020, 186, 392 65. Y. Nakaya, E. Hayashida, H. Asakura, S. Takakusagi, S. Yasumura, K. I. Shimizu, S. Furukawa, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2022, 144, 15944 66. R. Zhang, Y. Zhang, B. Xiao, S. Zhang, Y. Wang, H. Cui, C. Li, Y. Hou, Y. Guo, T. Yang, J. Fan, C. Zhi, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2024, 63, e202407589 67. G. Feng, F. Ning, Y. Pan, T. Chen, J. Song, Y. Wang, R. Zou, D. Su, D. Xia, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2023, 145, 11140 68. G. Zhu, Y. Jiang, H. Yang, H. Wang, Y. Fang, L. Wang, M. Xie, P. Qiu, W. Luo, Adv. Mater., 2022, 34, e2110128 69. T. Shen, D. Xiao, Z. Deng, S. Wang, L. An, M. Song, Q. Zhang, T. Zhao, M. Gong, D. Wang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2024, 63, e202403260 70. H. Luan, X. Zhang, H. Ding, F. Zhang, J. H. Luan, Z. B. Jiao, Y. C. Yang, H. Bu, R. Wang, J. Gu, C. Shao, Q. Yu, Y. Shao, Q. Zeng, N. Chen, C. T. Liu, K. F. Yao, Nat. Commun., 2022, 13, 2183 71. X. Yu, X. Ding, Y. Yao, W. Gao, C. Wang, C. Wu, C. Wu, B. Wang, L. Wang, Z. Zou, Adv. Mater., 2024, 36, e2312942 72. M. W. Glasscott, A. D. Pendergast, S. Goines, A. R. Bishop, A. T. Hoang, C. Renault, J. E. Dick, Nat. Commun., 2019, 10, 2650 73. X. Tan, J. Wang, Y. Xiao, Y. Guo, W. He, B. Du, H. Cui, C. Wang, Adv. Mater., 2025, 37, e2414283 74. F. Yang, J. Ye, L. Gao, J. Yu, Z. Yang, Y. Lu, C. Ma, Y. J. Zeng, H. Huang, Adv. Energy Mater., 2023, 13, 2301408 75. Q. Yun, Y. Ge, Z. Shi, J. Liu, X. Wang, A. Zhang, B. Huang, Y. Yao, Q. Luo, L. Zhai, J. Ge, Y. Peng, C. Gong, M. Zhao, Y. Qin, C. Ma, G. Wang, Q. Wa, X. Zhou, Z. Li, S. Li, W. Zhai, H. Yang, Y. Ren, Y. Wang, L. Li, X. Ruan, Y. Wu, B. Chen, Q. Lu, Z. Lai, Q. He, X. Huang, Y. Chen, H. Zhang, Chem. Rev., 2023, 123, 13489 76. J. Liang, F. Ma, S. Hwang, X. Wang, J. Sokolowski, Q. Li, G. Wu, D. Su, Joule, 2019, 3, 956 77. L. Li, Z. Zhang, SmartMat, 2024, 5, e1239 78. H. Minamihara, K. Kusada, T. Yamamoto, T. Toriyama, Y. Murakami, S. Matsumura, L. S. R. Kumara, O. Sakata, S. Kawaguchi, Y. Kubota, O. Seo, S. Yasuno, H. Kitagawa, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2023, 145, 17136 79. F. Shi, P. Tieu, H. Hu, J. Peng, W. Zhang, F. Li, P. Tao, C. Song, W. Shang, T. Deng, W. Gao, X. Pan, J. Wu, Nat. Commun., 2024, 15, 5084 80. E. Zhu, W. Hu, J. Dong, J. Chen, Y. Li, L. Wang, Adv. Sustainable Syst., 2024, 8, 2400224 81. C. S. Hsu, J. Wang, Y. C. Chu, J. H. Chen, C. Y. Chien, K. H. Lin, L. D. Tsai, H. C. Chen, Y. F. Liao, N. Hiraoka, Y. C. Cheng, H. M. Chen, Nat. Commun., 2023, 14, 5245 82. Q. Zhou, H. Shou, S. Qiao, Y. Cao, P. Zhang, S. Wei, S. Chen, X. Wu, L. Song, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2024, 146, 15167 83. G. L. W. Hart, T. Mueller, C. Toher, S. Curtarolo, Nat. Rev. Mater., 2021, 6, 730 84. M. Kim, E. Batsa Tetteh, O. A. Krysiak, A. Savan, B. Xiao, T. H. Piotrowiak, C. Andronescu, A. Ludwig, T. Dong Chung, W. Schuhmann, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2023, 62, e202310069 85. T. A. A. Batchelor, T. Loffler, B. Xiao, O. A. Krysiak, V. Strotkotter, J. K. Pedersen, C. M. Clausen, A. Savan, Y. Li, W. Schuhmann, J. Rossmeisl, A. Ludwig, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2021, 60, 6932 86. E. Suhr, O. A. Krysiak, V. Strotkötter, F. Thelen, W. Schuhmann, A. Ludwig, Adv. Eng. Mater., 2023, 25, 2300550 87. B. Xiao, X. Wang, A. Savan, A. Ludwig, Nano Res., 2022, 15, 4827 88. L. Banko, E. B. Tetteh, A. Kostka, T. H. Piotrowiak, O. A. Krysiak, U. Hagemann, C. Andronescu, W. Schuhmann, A. Ludwig, Adv. Mater., 2023, 35, e2207635 -
Rights and permissions
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Figures(6)
Information
Article Metrics
Export File
Citation
Peng Han, Ye Chen. Lattice engineering of high-entropy alloy nanomaterials for electrocatalytic applications[J]. Materials Lab, 2025, 4(2): 240018. doi: 10.54227/mlab.20240018
Format
Content
DownLoad:
-
Figure 1.
Schematic diagram of lattice engineering of HEA nanomaterials involved in this review.
-
Figure 2.
a,b Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images of PtIrCuNiCr HEA NPs. All scale bars represent 2 nm. c The enlarged XRD patterns of the PtIrCuNiCr HEA NPs and commercial Pt/C. d Normal strain profile and strain mapping along εxx direction of PtIrCuNiCr HEA NPs. e The HER activity volcano plot using lattice strain and atomic radius as descriptors. f The OER activity volcano plot using lattice strain and atomic radius as descriptors. g Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) curves for HER and OER of PtIrCuNiCr HEA NPs and reference samples, respectively.[40] Copyright 2023, Elsevier. h STEM image, i Fast Fourier transform (FFT) pattern, inverse FFT (IFFT) pattern of (
$ \bar{\text{1}} $ -
Figure 3.
a Schematic illustration of sequential transformation of eutectic dual-phase high-entropy alloys (EHEAs) into HEAs and the synthesis of P doped HEAs. b XRD patterns of EHEAs, undoped HEAs, and P doped HEAs. c The expansion profiles induced by P doping with different doping patterns. d STEM images and the corresponding strain maps of undoped HEAs and P doped HEAs, respectively. e High-resolution TEM (HRTEM) images of the typical interface areas of undoped HEAs and P doped HEA. f LSV curves for HER of undoped HEAs, P doped HEAs, and Pt/C. g The projected density of states of *H covered undoped HEAs and P doped HEA.[45]Copyright 2023, Elsevier. h Schematic illustration of the fabrication process of O doped HEA NPs and the role of interstitial O. i STEM image with the corresponding FFT and GPA images of O doped HEA. j LSV curves for HER of O-doped HEAs and Pt/C. k LSV curves for OER of O doped HEAs and RuO2.[46] Copyright 2024, Wiley-VCH.
-
Figure 4.
a Comparison of lattice structures in different alloy systems. A, B, C, D, and E represent different elements.[58] Copyright 2024, American Chemical Society. b Free energy curves comparing HEAs and HEIs. c Temperature-dependent free energy change (ΔGmix) for HEAs and HEIs.[59] Copyright 2024, The Royal Society of Chemistry. d Temperature-time-ordering diagram showing the kinetic pathways from high-temperature mixing state to metallic glass, solution mixing, intermetallic formation, and phase separation, respectively.[60] Copyright 2022, Science. e The XRD pattern of PtIrFeCoCu HEI NPs supported on C (PIFCC-HEI/C). f STEM image and the corresponding FFT image of one typical HEI NP. g The enlarged region in f and the corresponding atomic-resolution EDS mapping image. h Pt L3-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra of PIFCC-HEI, Pt foil, and PtO2. i LSV curves for ORR of PIFCC-HEI/C, PIFCC-HEA/C, Pt/C and C. j Polarization and power density curves of the H2/O2 fuel cell with PIFCC-HEI/C and commercial Pt/C as the cathode, respectively.[67] Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society. k Schematic illustration of HEI structures with the distribution of active sites (Pt and Pd) and elements that limit sintering (Ir and Ru). l XRD patterns of Pt/C, Pt2FeCu/C and HEI/C. m The enlarged STEM image of one typical HEI NP. n The wavelet transform (WT) analyses of k3-weighted extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) of Pt-L3 and Pd-K edges of HEI/C. o Comparison of *CO adsorption sites on Pt(111) and HEI(110) facets. p The adsorption energy values of *CO on different sites of HEI(110) and Pt(111). q The energy barriers for the diffusion of *CO at different transition states on HEI(110) facet.[69] Copyright 2024, Wiley-VCH.
-
Figure 5.
a Schematic representation of the progress from monometallic crystals to HEAs, metallic glasses, and high-entropy metallic glasses (HEMGs). b Schematic illustration of the transformation of high-entropy hydrotalcite into HEMG. c EDS mapping images of metallic elements of HEMG. d HRTEM image and the corresponding FFT pattern (inset) of HEMG. e Synchrotron X-ray scattering patterns for MnNiZrRuCe HEMG and HEA. f XANES spectra of Ru K-edge of HEMG, high-entropy hydrotalcite, Ru foil, and RuO2. g The WT analyses of k3-weighted EXAFS of Ru edge of high-entropy hydrotalcite and HEMGs.[71] Copyright 2024, Wiley-VCH. h Schematic illustration of the electrochemical synthesis process of HEMG NPs. i STEM image with the corresponding EDS mapping images, TEM image, and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern of a typical CoFeNiLaPt HEMG NP. All scale bars represent 500 nm.[72] Copyright 2024, Springer Nature. j The TEM image with SAED pattern (inset), STEM image, HRTEM image, and corresponding EDS mapping images of porous PdCuLaYMnW HEMGs. k XRD patterns of HEMGs, PdCuLaY, PdCuMnW, PdCu, and Pd/C. l LSV curves for FAOR of various electrocatalysts. m CO poisoning test of HEMGs. n In-situ Raman spectra of HEMGs (left) and PdCu alloys (right) for FAOR.[73] Copyright 2024, Wiley-VCH.
