| Citation: |
Zihang Liu, Weihong Gao, Fengkai Guo, Wei Cai, Qian Zhang, et al. Challenges for Thermoelectric Power Generation: From a Material Perspective. Materials Lab 2022, 1, 220003. doi: 10.54227/mlab.20220003
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Challenges for Thermoelectric Power Generation: From a Material Perspective
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Abstract
Thermoelectric devices enable the direct conversion of heat flux into electrical energy, which have attracted considerable research interests for energy harvesting to address the challenges of energy sustainability. Owing to the emerging concepts or strategies, the dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit (
ZT ), dominating the device’s conversion efficiency, has been significantly boosted during the last two decades. However, thermoelectric materials remain stagnant for practical applications. In this review, future challenges from a material perspective are discussed and emphasized. It includes fundamental theories, design criteria, material synthesis, and properties measurement. Our review tries to point out these important research directions in the near future, thereby enabling rationally developing thermoelectric science and pushing thermoelectric devices for large-scale applications. -
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Author Biographies
Zihang Liu is a full professor in the Department of Material Science and Engineering at the Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), China. He got the Ph.D. degree in 2017 at HIT, then did the postdoctoral work at the University of Houston and National Institute for Materials Science, Japan until August, 2021. His research interests include thermoelectric materials and devices, thermal management, as well as DFT calculations. 
Qian Zhang is a full professor at Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, and received her Ph.D. from the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University in 2009. She has postdoctoral research experience at the Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, the Department of Physics, Boston College, USA, and the Department of Physics, University of Houston, USA. She mainly develops high-performance thermoelectric materials and devices. 
Jiehe Sui is a full professor in the Department of Material Science and Engineering at the Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), China. He received his Master's and PhD degrees in Materials Science and Engineering from Harbin Institute of Technology, China. He was a senior visiting scholar in the lab of Dr. Zhifeng Ren at the University of Houston from May, 2013 to April, 2015. He received the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) Excellent Young Scientist Fellowship in 2016 and Changjiang Scholars Program of China in 2020. His current research mainly focuses on thermoelectric materials and devices. -
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Received Date:
26 January 2022
Accepted Date:
21 February 2022
Publish Date:
12 July 2022
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Zihang Liu, Weihong Gao, Fengkai Guo, Wei Cai, Qian Zhang, et al. Challenges for Thermoelectric Power Generation: From a Material Perspective. Materials Lab 2022, 1, 220003. doi: 10.54227/mlab.20220003
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Figure 1.
Timeline of thermoelectric theory development.
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Figure 2.
The measured conversion efficiency η of current state-of-the-art thermoelectric devices as a function of working temperature difference ΔT, including single legs,[76-79] unicouples,[80-82] modules,[36,83-89] and segmented devices.[90-94] Here single leg, unicouple, module, and segmented device mean only n or p-type material, one-pair n and p-type material, two or more elements of n and p-type material, and two or more different n and p-type materials packing in parallel, respectively.
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Figure 3.
(a) Schematic diagram of the defect formation energies in the semiconductor by first-principles calculations;[96](b) the effect of Mg stoichiometry in Mg3+xSb1.5Bi0.49Te0.01 on the measured Seebeck coefficient.[27]
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Figure 4.
Schematic diagrams of the ineffectiveness of several strategies in thermoelectrics: (a) the interband or intervalley scattering in band convergence; (b) strong carrier scattering in energy filtering; (c) phonon and electron co-scattering by microstructural engineering; (d) electrons with the same direction spins in the magnetic semiconductor.
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Figure 5.
(a) and (b) The relationship between total thermal conductivity κtot and power factor PF at room temperature for advanced n-type and p-type thermoelectric systems, respectively, where the bubble color represents the highest calculated Z (×10−3 K−1).[72-75]
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Figure 6.
Hardness vs. elastic modulus of typical thermoelectric materials in comparison to polymers, metals and ceramics. [129]
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Figure 7.
(a) Comparison of XRD patterns for Mg3.2Sb0.49Bi1.5Te0.01 after in situ measure- ments of its electronic thermoelectric properties at 773 K.[145] (b) thermogravimetric analysis of BaCu2Se2 powder and densified pellet (inset) under the Ar atmosphere.[148] (c) comparison of the measured power factor at 773 K by the long-term in situ measurements for Mg3.2Sb1.5Bi0.49Te0.01 (without and with the boron nitride coating).[145]
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Figure 8.
High-throughput materials design framework for the discovery of promising thermoelectric materials.
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Figure 9.
The schematic diagram of microstructural instability of nanostructured materials at high working temperature.
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Figure 10.
The relationship between reliability and validity for experiment results.
