| Citation: |
Shuo-Hang Zheng, Xiao-Tong Wang, Zhen-Yi Gu, Jin-Zhi Guo, Xing-Long Wu, et al. Advances and Challenges on Recycling the Electrode and Electrolyte Materials in Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. Materials Lab 2022, 1, 220036. doi: 10.54227/mlab.20220036
|
Advances and Challenges on Recycling the Electrode and Electrolyte Materials in Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries
-
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as the advanced power batteries with comprehensive performance, have widely used in electric vehicles (EVs), military equipment, aerospace, consumer electronics, and other fields. With the surge in demand for LIBs, the number of spent LIBs has increased rapidly. However, if the spent LIBs just are simply landfilled, the hazardous components contained in them such as heavy metals and organic electrolytes will pollute the environment, and ultimately threaten human health. In addition, some valuable components will be wasted by landfill, especially high-value metal elements contained in cathode. Thus, the recycling of spent LIBs is a "two birds with one stone" strategy which is not only beneficial to environmental protection but also has high economic value. Accordingly, great efforts have been made to develop efficient and cost-effective recycling processes for spent LIBs recovery. In line with the recycling process, this review first presents a series of pretreatment progresses (disassembling, inactivation, dismantling, and separation) and discusses the problems and challenges involved (automation, environmental protection, and cost, etc.). Second, we summarize and discuss the current recovery and regeneration technologies for cathode materials, including pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy and electrochemistry. In addition, advances in the recovery of anode and electrolyte are also introduced. Finally, based on the current state of recycling, we cautiously make some suggestions and prospects for the future recycling of spent LIBs, with a view to providing more ideas for the recycling of used LIBs.
-
-
Author Biographies
Shuo-Hang Zheng received his bachelor’s degree from Hebei University of Science and Technology in 2013. He received his master’s degree from Nanjing Tech University. He is currently pursuing his doctorate under the supervise of Professor Xing-Long Wu of Northeast Normal University. He mainly focuses on the recycling and utilization of spent Li-ion batteries. 
Xing-Long Wu is currently a Professor of Chemistry at Northeast Normal University, China. He received his Ph.D. from Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS) in 2011. After continuing a two-years postdoctoral working in ICCAS, he moved to Northeast Normal University as an Associate Professor in 2013, and become Full Professor in 2018. His current research interests focus on the advanced materials for energy storage devices such as Na/K/Li-ion batteries and dual-ion batteries, and the reuse and recycle of spent LIBs. 
Hai-Yang Xu received his Ph.D. degree from the Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, in 2006. During 2006–2008, he worked as a postdoctoral fellow in the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Currently, he is a professor at the Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University. His research interests include wide-bandgap semiconductor materials and their photonic/electronic devices, memristive materials and devices, and artificial synaptics. -
References
1. Z. Liang, C. Cai, G. Peng, J. Hu, H. Hou, B. Liu, S. Liang, K. Xiao, S. Yuan, J. Yang, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2021, 9, 5750 2. M. C. Fan, Y. Zhao, Y. Q. Kang, J. Wozny, Z. Liang, J. X. Wang, G. M. Zhou, B. H. Li, N. Tavajohi, F. Y. Kang, Rare Metals, 2022, 41, 1595 3. Y. Tang, X. Qu, B. Zhang, Y. Zhao, H. Xie, J. Zhao, Z. Ning, P. Xing, H. Yin, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 279, 123633 4. M. Chen, X. Ma, B. Chen, R. Arsenault, P. Karlson, N. Simon, Y. Wang, Joule, 2019, 3, 2622 5. X. Zheng, Z. Zhu, X. Lin, Y. Zhang, Y. He, H. Cao, Z. Sun, Engineering, 2018, 4, 361 6. J. Piątek, S. Afyon, T. M. Budnyak, S. Budnyk, M. H. Sipponen, A. Slabon, Advanced Energy Materials, 2021, 11, 2003456 7. U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2021, https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/mcs2021, February 2021. 8. M. Choux, E. Marti Bigorra, I. Tyapin, Metals, 2021, 11, 387 9. K. Wegener, W. H. Chen, F. Dietrich, K. Dröder, S. Kara, Procedia CIRP, 2015, 29, 716 10. C. Herrmann, A. Raatz, S. Andrew, J. Schmitt, Advanced Materials Research, 2014, 907, 391 11. L. Yun, D. Linh, L. Shui, X. Peng, A. Garg, M. L. P. Le, S. Asghari, J. Sandoval, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2018, 136, 198 12. J. Zhang, B. Li, A. Garg, Y. Liu, International Journal of Energy Research, 2018, 42, 3390 13. L. P. Yao, Q. Zeng, T. Qi, J. Li, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020, 245, 118820 14. H. Nie, L. Xu, D. Song, J. Song, X. Shi, X. Wang, L. Zhang, Z. Yuan, Green Chemistry, 2015, 17, 1276 15. J. Nan, D. Han, X. Zuo, Journal of Power Sources, 2005, 152, 278 16. T. Zhang, Y. He, L. Ge, R. Fu, X. Zhang, Y. Huang, Journal of Power Sources, 2013, 240, 766 17. Y. He, T. Zhang, F. Wang, G. Zhang, W. Zhang, J. Wang, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017, 143, 319 18. R. Qiu, Z. Huang, J. Zheng, Q. Song, J. Ruan, Y. Tang, R. Qiu, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 279, 123230 19. S. Blankemeyer, D. Wiens, T. Wiese, A. Raatz, S. Kara, Procedia CIRP, 2021, 98, 559 20. D. Yu, Z. Huang, B. Makuza, X. Guo, Q. Tian, Minerals Engineering, 2021, 173, 107218 21. M. Lu, H. N. Zhang, B. C. Wang, X. D. Zheng, C. S. Dai, International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 2013, 8, 8201 22. G. Zhang, Y. He, Y. Feng, H. Wang, X. Zhu, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2018, 6, 10896 23. G. P. Nayaka, Y. Zhang, P. Dong, D. Wang, K. V. Pai, J. Manjanna, G. Santhosh, J. Duan, Z. Zhou, J. Xiao, Waste Management, 2018, 78, 51 24. L. Yang, G. Xi, Y. Xi, Ceramics International, 2015, 41, 11498 25. Y. Xu, Y. Dong, X. Han, X. Wang, Y. Wang, L. Jiao, H. Yuan, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2015, 3, 2435 26. X. Zhou, W. Z. He, G. M. Li, X. J. Zhang, J. W. Huang, S. G. Zhu, iCBBE, Chengdu, China, June 2010. 27. Y. Bai, R. Essehli, C. J. Jafta, K. M. Livingston, I. Belharouak, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2021, 9, 6048 28. M. Wang, Q. Tan, L. Liu, J. Li, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2019, 380, 120846 29. X. Chen, S. Li, Y. Wang, Y. Jiang, X. Tan, W. Han, S. Wang, Waste Management, 2021, 136, 67 30. J. Yu, Y. He, Z. Ge, H. Li, W. Xie, S. Wang, Separation and Purification Technology, 2018, 190, 45 31. J. Yu, Y. He, H. Li, W. Xie, T. Zhang, Powder Technology, 2017, 315, 139 32. E. Kunugita, J. H. Kim, I. Komasawa, Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu, 1989, 15, 857 33. P. Zhang, T. Yokoyama, O. Itabashi, T. M. Suzuki, K. Inoue, Hydrometallurgy, 1998, 47, 259 34. C. K. Lee, N. H. Kim, Journal of the Korean Institute of Resources Recycling, 2001, 10, 9 35. L. Li, J. Ge, F. Wu, R. Chen, S. Chen, B. Wu, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2010, 176, 288 36. D. Mishra, D. J. Kim, D. E. Ralph, J. G. Ahn, Y. H. Rhee, Waste Management, 2008, 28, 333 37. H. Ku, Y. Jung, M. Jo, S. Park, S. Kim, D. Yang, K. Rhee, E.-M. An, J. Sohn, K. Kwon, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2016, 313, 138 38. K. Liu, F. S. Zhang, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2016, 316, 19 39. M. K. Tran, M. T. F. Rodrigues, K. Kato, G. Babu, P. M. Ajayan, Nature Energy, 2019, 4, 339 40. W. H. Yuan, D. F. Qiu, C. Y. Wang, Nonferrous Metals (Extractive Metallurgy), 2007, 5−7, 26 41. J. Kondás, J. Jandová, M. Nemeckova, Hydrometallurgy, 2006, 84, 247 42. X. Jie, C. Wang, D. Li, F. Yin, Y. Chen, Y. Yang, The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering, 2011, 11, 249 43. J. Li, G. Wang, Z. Xu, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2016, 302, 97 44. E. Fan, L. Li, J. Lin, J. Wu, J. Yang, F. Wu, R. Chen, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2019, 7, 16144 45. B. Makuza, Q. Tian, X. Guo, K. Chattopadhyay, D. Yu, Journal of Power Sources, 2021, 491, 229622 46. X. Hu, E. Mousa, Y. Tian, G. Ye, Journal of Power Sources, 2021, 483, 228936 47. H. Dang, B. Wang, Z. Chang, X. Wu, J. Feng, H. Zhou, W. Li, C. Sun, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2018, 6, 13160 48. E. Fan, L. Li, Z. Wang, J. Lin, Y. Huang, Y. Yao, R. Chen, F. Wu, Chemical Reviews, 2020, 120, 7020 49. J. Mao, J. Li, Z. Xu, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, 205, 923 50. M. Joulié, R. Laucournet, E. Billy, Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 247, 551 51. R. C. Wang, Y. C. Lin, S. H. Wu, Hydrometallurgy, 2009, 99, 194 52. S. P. Barik, G. Prabaharan, L. Kumar, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017, 147, 37 53. L. Chen, X. Tang, Y. Zhang, L. Li, Z. Zeng, Y. Zhang, Hydrometallurgy, 2011, 108, 80 54. J. Kang, G. Senanayake, J. Sohn, S. M. Shin, Hydrometallurgy, 2010, 100, 168 55. K. H. Chan, J. Anawati, M. Malik, G. Azimi, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2021, 9, 4398 56. C. K. Lee, K.-I. Rhee, Journal of Power Sources, 2002, 109, 17 57. J. Guan, Y. Li, Y. Guo, R. Su, G. Gao, H. Song, H. Yuan, B. Liang, Z. Guo, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2017, 5, 1026 58. J. Zhao, B. Zhang, H. Xie, J. Qu, X. Qu, P. Xing, H. Yin, Environmental Research, 2020, 181, 108803 59. F. Pagnanelli, E. Moscardini, G. Granata, S. Cerbelli, L. Agosta, A. Fieramosca, L. Toro, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2014, 20, 3201 60. X. Chen, B. Fan, L. Xu, T. Zhou, J. Kong, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016, 112, 3562 61. P. Meshram, B. D. Pandey, T. R. Mankhand, Chemical Engineering Journal, 2015, 281, 418 62. Y. Ma, X. Zhou, J. Tang, X. Liu, H. Gan, J. Yang, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021, 417, 126032 63. Z. Wu, T. Soh, J. J. Chan, S. Meng, D. Meyer, M. Srinivasan, C. Y. Tay, Environmental Science & Technology, 2020, 54, 9681 64. Y. Liu, W. Lv, X. Zheng, D. Ruan, Y. Yang, H. Cao, Z. Sun, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2021, 9, 3183 65. X. Zeng, J. Li, B. Shen, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2015, 295, 112 66. S. Anwani, R. Methekar, V. Ramadesigan, Hydrometallurgy, 2020, 197, 105430 67. L. Li, J. Lu, L. Zhai, X. Zhang, L. Curtiss, Y. Jin, F. Wu, R. Chen, K. Amine, CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, 2018, 4, 219 68. M. Yu, Z. Zhang, F. Xue, B. Yang, G. Guo, J. Qiu, Separation and Purification Technology, 2019, 215, 398 69. I. L. Santana, T. F. M. Moreira, M. F. F. Lelis, M. B. J. G. Freitas, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2017, 190, 38 70. L. Li, J. Lu, Y. Ren, X. X. Zhang, R. J. Chen, F. Wu, K. Amine, Journal of Power Sources, 2012, 218, 21 71. J. Lie, J. C. Liu, Separation and Purification Technology, 2021, 266, 118458 72. S. Refly, O. Floweri, T. R. Mayangsari, A. Sumboja, S. P. Santosa, T. Ogi, F. Iskandar, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2020, 8, 16104 73. P. Ning, Q. Meng, P. Dong, J. Duan, M. Xu, Y. Lin, Y. Zhang, Waste Management, 2020, 103, 52 74. C. Sun, L. Xu, X. Chen, T. Qiu, T. Zhou, Waste Management & Research, 2018, 36, 113 75. S. Natarajan, A. B. Boricha, H. C. Bajaj, Waste Management, 2018, 77, 455 76. H. Setiawan, H. T. B. M. Petrus, I. Perdana, International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials, 2019, 26, 98 77. J. Kumar, X. Shen, B. Li, H. Liu, J. Zhao, Waste Management, 2020, 113, 32 78. H. Wang, K. Huang, Y. Zhang, X. Chen, W. Jin, S. Zheng, Y. Zhang, P. Li, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2017, 5, 11489 79. D. Li, B. Zhang, X. Ou, J. Zhang, K. Meng, G. Ji, P. Li, J. Xu, Chinese Chemical Letters, 2021, 32, 2333 80. W. Lv, Z. Wang, H. Cao, X. Zheng, W. Jin, Y. Zhang, Z. Sun, Waste Management, 2018, 79, 545 81. Y. Chen, N. Liu, F. Hu, L. Ye, Y. Xi, S. Yang, Waste Management, 2018, 75, 469 82. C. Wang, S. Wang, F. Yan, Z. Zhang, X. Shen, Z. Zhang, Waste Management, 2020, 114, 253 83. M. H. Morcali, International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials, 2015, 22, 674 84. J. Jegan Roy, M. Srinivasan, B. Cao, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2021, 9, 3060 85. N. Bahaloo Horeh, S. M. Mousavi, M. Baniasadi, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, 197, 1546 86. M. Esmaeili, S. O. Rastegar, R. Beigzadeh, T. Gu, Chemosphere, 2020, 254, 126670 87. M. J. Roldán Ruiz, M. L. Ferrer, M. C. Gutiérrez, F. d. Monte, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2020, 8, 5437 88. M. M. Wang, C. C. Zhang, F. S. Zhang, Waste Management, 2017, 67, 232 89. H. Zheng, T. Dong, Y. Sha, D. Jiang, H. Zhang, S. Zhang, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2021, 9, 7022 90. Y. Huang, G. Han, J. Liu, W. Chai, W. Wang, S. Yang, S. Su, Journal of Power Sources, 2016, 325, 555 91. W. Lv, D. Ruan, X. Zheng, L. Li, H. Cao, Z. Wang, Y. Zhang, Z. Sun, Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 421, 129908 92. J. M. Zhao, X. Y. Shen, F. L. Deng, F. C. Wang, Y. Wu, H. Z. Liu, Separation and Purification Technology, 2011, 78, 345 93. A. A. Nayl, M. M. Hamed, S. E. Rizk, Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2015, 55, 119 94. Y. Yang, S. Lei, S. Song, W. Sun, L. Wang, Waste Management, 2020, 102, 131 95. J. Hu, J. Zhang, H. Li, Y. Chen, C. Wang, Journal of Power Sources, 2017, 351, 192 96. T. Huang, L. Liu, S. Zhang, Hydrometallurgy, 2019, 188, 101 97. V. N. H. Nguyen, M. S. Lee, Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing, 2020, 56, 599 98. Y. Yang, S. Xu, Y. He, Waste Management, 2017, 64, 219 99. Y. Song, Z. Zhao, L. He, Separation and Purification Technology, 2020, 249, 117161 100. P. K. Choubey, O. S. Dinkar, R. Panda, A. Kumari, M. K. Jha, D. D. Pathak, Waste Management, 2021, 121, 452 101. Y. Yang, F. Liu, S. Song, H. Tang, S. Ding, W. Sun, S. Lei, S. Xu, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2020, 8, 104358 102. F. Wang, R. Sun, J. Xu, Z. Chen, M. Kang, RSC Advances, 2016, 6, 85303 103. G. Cai, K. Y. Fung, K. M. Ng, C. Wibowo, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2014, 53, 18245 104. M. Wang, Q. Tan, L. Liu, J. Li, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 279, 123612 105. X. Yang, Y. Zhang, Q. Meng, P. Dong, P. Ning, Q. Li, RSC Advances, 2021, 11, 268 106. X. Chen, Y. Chen, T. Zhou, D. Liu, H. Hu, S. Fan, Waste Management, 2015, 38, 349 107. Q. Jing, J. Zhang, Y. Liu, W. Zhang, Y. Chen, C. Wang, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2020, 8, 17622 108. Z. Y. Gu, J. Z. Guo, X. X. Zhao, X. T. Wang, D. Xie, Z. H. Sun, C. D. Zhao, H. J. Liang, W. H. Li, X. L. Wu, InfoMat, 2021, 3, 694 109. H. Gao, Q. Yan, P. Xu, H. Liu, M. Li, P. Liu, J. Luo, Z. Chen, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2020, 12, 51546 110. X. Fan, C. Tan, Y. Li, Z. Chen, Y. Li, Y. Huang, Q. Pan, F. Zheng, H. Wang, Q. Li, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021, 410, 124610 111. X. Meng, J. Hao, H. Cao, X. Lin, P. Ning, X. Zheng, J. Chang, X. Zhang, B. Wang, Z. Sun, Waste Management, 2019, 84, 54 112. M. Fan, X. Chang, Y.-J. Guo, W. P. Chen, Y.-X. Yin, X. Yang, Q. Meng, L.-J. Wan, Y. G. Guo, Energy & Environmental Science, 2021, 14, 1461 113. T. Liu, J. Chen, X. Shen, H. Li, Separation and Purification Technology, 2021, 259, 118088 114. X. Chen, J. Li, D. Kang, T. Zhou, H. Ma, Green Chemistry, 2019, 21, 6342 115. X. Fan, C. Song, X. Lu, Y. Shi, S. Yang, F. Zheng, Y. Huang, K. Liu, H. Wang, Q. Li, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2021, 863, 158775 116. Y. Yang, J. Z. Guo, Z. Y. Gu, Z. H. Sun, B. H. Hou, A. B. Yang, Q. L. Ning, W. H. Li, X. L. Wu, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2019, 7, 12014 117. Z. Zhang, M. Yu, B. Yang, C. Jin, G. Guo, J. Qiu, Materials Research Bulletin, 2020, 126, 110855 118. L. Li, E. Fan, Y. Guan, X. Zhang, Q. Xue, L. Wei, F. Wu, R. Chen, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2017, 5, 5224 119. T. Wang, H. Luo, Y. Bai, J. Li, I. Belharouak, S. Dai, Advanced Energy Materials, 2020, 10, 2001204 120. J. Yang, W. Wang, H. Yang, D. Wang, Green Chemistry, 2020, 22, 6489 121. Z. Zheng, M. Chen, Q. Wang, Y. Zhang, X. Ma, C. Shen, D. Xu, J. Liu, Y. Liu, P. Gionet, I. O’Connor, L. Pinnell, J. Wang, E. Gratz, R. Arsenault, Y. Wang, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2018, 6, 13977 122. G. Qian, Z. Li, Y. Wang, X. Xie, Y. He, J. Li, Y. Zhu, S. Xie, Z. Cheng, H. Che, Y. Shen, L. Chen, X. Huang, P. Pianetta, Z. F. Ma, Y. Liu, L. Li, Cell Reports Physical Science, 2022, 3, 100741 123. J. Xiao, J. Li, Z. Xu, Environmental Science & Technology, 2020, 54, 9 124. K. Rambau, N. M. Musyoka, N. Palaniyandy, N. Manyala, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2021, 168, 010527 125. R. Sun, Z. Qin, Z. Li, H. Fan, S. Lu, Dalton Transactions, 2020, 49, 14237 126. H. Zhu, Z. Li, F. Xu, Z. Qin, R. Sun, C. Wang, S. Lu, Y. Zhang, H. Fan, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2022, 611, 718 127. Q. Meng, M. Guan, Y. Huang, L. Li, F. Wu, R. Chen, InfoMat, 2022, e12313 128. X. Min, M. Guo, L. Liu, L. Li, J. Gu, J. Liang, C. Chen, K. Li, J. Jia, T. Sun, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021, 406, 124743 129. Z. Li, R. Sun, Z. Qin, X. Liu, C. Wang, S. Lu, Y. Zhang, H. Fan, Materials Chemistry Frontiers, 2021, 5, 7540 130. T. Liu, S. Cai, G. Zhao, Z. Gao, S. Liu, H. Li, L. Chen, M. Li, X. Yang, H. Guo, Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2021, 62, 440 131. B. Niu, J. Xiao, Z. Xu, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2021, 9, 472 132. W. Yin, Z. Wu, W. Tian, Y. Chen, W. Xiang, G. Feng, Y. Li, C. Wu, C. Xu, C. Bai, B. Zhong, X. Wang, J. Zhang, F. He, A. A. Alshehri, X. Guo, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2019, 7, 17867 133. R. Liu, W. Yin, Y. Chen, B. Zhong, G. Wang, Y. Liu, Y. Song, Z. Wu, L. Yang, X. Guo, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2020, 59, 17911 134. H. Huang, C. Liu, Z. Sun, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2022, 435, 128974 135. J. Yu, M. Lin, Q. Tan, J. Li, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021, 401, 123715 136. H. Wang, Y. Huang, C. Huang, X. Wang, K. Wang, H. Chen, S. Liu, Y. Wu, K. Xu, W. Li, Electrochimica Acta, 2019, 313, 423 137. D. Ruan, K. Zou, K. Du, F. Wang, L. Wu, Z. Zhang, X. Wu, G. Hu, ChemCatChem, 2021, 13, 2025 138. K. D. Du, Y. F. Meng, X. X. Zhao, X. T. Wang, X. X. Luo, W. Zhang, X. L. Wu, Science China Materials, 2022, 65, 637 139. C. Yi, L. Zhou, X. Wu, W. Sun, L. Yi, Y. Yang, Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2021, 39, 37 140. S. Natarajan, V. Aravindan, Advanced Energy Materials, 2020, 10, 2002238 141. N. Cao, Y. Zhang, L. Chen, W. Chu, Y. Huang, Y. Jia, M. Wang, Journal of Power Sources, 2021, 483, 229163 142. B. Li, C. Wu, J. Xu, D. Hu, T. Zhang, X. Fang, J. Tong, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2020, 241, 122397 143. J. Zhang, Y. Lei, Z. Lin, P. Xie, H. Lu, J. Xu, Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 436, 135011 144. H.-J. Liang, B.-H. Hou, W.-H. Li, Q.-L. Ning, X. Yang, Z.-Y. Gu, X.-J. Nie, G. Wang, X.-L. Wu, Energy & Environmental Science, 2019, 12, 3575 145. Z. Xiao, L. Gao, S. Su, D. Li, L. Cao, L. Ye, B. Zhang, L. Ming, X. Ou, Materials Today Energy, 2021, 21, 100821 146. L. Xu, X. Zhang, R. Chen, F. Wu, L. Li, Small, 2022, 18, 2105897 147. X. Liu, Y. Niu, R. Cao, X. Chen, H. Shang, H. Song, Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2022, 38, 2012062 148. J. Yang, E. Fan, J. Lin, F. Arshad, X. Zhang, H. Wang, F. Wu, R. Chen, L. Li, ACS Applied Energy Materials, 2021, 4, 6261 149. S. Jung, D. Kwon, S. Park, K. Kwon, Y. F. Tsang, E. E. Kwon, Journal of Co2 Utilization, 2021, 50, 101591 150. Y. Liu, D. Mu, R. Li, Q. Ma, R. Zheng, C. Dai, Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2017, 121, 4181 151. J. Neumann, M. Petranikova, M. Meeus, J. D. Gamarra, R. Younesi, M. Winter, S. Nowak, Advanced Energy Materials, 2022, 12, 2102917 152. Y. Fu, J. Schuster, M. Petranikova, B. Ebin, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2021, 172, 105666 -
Rights and permissions
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Figures(10)
Tables(1)
Information
Article Metrics
Export File
Citation
Shuo-Hang Zheng, Xiao-Tong Wang, Zhen-Yi Gu, Jin-Zhi Guo, Xing-Long Wu, et al. Advances and Challenges on Recycling the Electrode and Electrolyte Materials in Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. Materials Lab 2022, 1, 220036. doi: 10.54227/mlab.20220036
Format
Content
DownLoad:
-
Figure 1.
Distribution of mining production for LIB materials in 2020.[7]
-
Figure 2.
Flowchart of the typical processes for spent LIBs recovery.
-
Figure 3.
Flowchart of the pretreatment for spent LIBs: Disassembling,[8-12] Inactivation,[13-15] Dismantling,[16] and Separation.[17, 18] Copyright 2021, MDPI.[8] Copyright 2015, Elsevier.[9] Copyright 2014, Trans Tech Publications.[10] Copyright 2018, Elsevier.[11] Copyright 2018, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.[12] Copyright 2020, Elsevier.[13] Copyright 2020, Elsevier.[16] Copyright 2021, Elsevier.[18]
-
Figure 4.
Equipment for different disassembling processes: (a) Pneumatic tool for manual disassembling process.[12] Copyright 2018, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (b) Electric screwdriver for semi-automatic disassembling.[9] Copyright 2015, Elsevier. (c) Concept for a disassembly system.[19] Copyright 2021, Elsevier. (d) Task planner for automatic process.[8] Copyright 2021, MDPI.
-
Figure 5.
Development of hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical processes for spent LIBs recovery. Hydrometallurgical process includes inorganic acid (H2SO4,[32] HCl[33]), reducing agent,[34] organic acid,[35] bioleaching,[36] alkali,[37] subcritical water,[38] and DES[39]. Pyrometallurgical process includes smelting[40] and roasting[41] (sulfation roasting,[42] graphite,[43] and molten salt[44]). Copyright 1989, The Society of Chemical Engineers, Japan.[32] Copyright 1998, Elsevier.[33] Copyright 2001, The Korean Institute of Resources Recycling.[34] Copyright 2010, Elsevier.[35] Copyright 2008, Elsevier.[36] Copyright 2016, Elsevier.[37, 38] Copyright 2019, Springer Nature.[39] Copyright 2007, CNKI.[40] Copyright 2006, Elsevier.[41] Copyright 2011, CNKI.[42] Copyright 2016, Elsevier.[43] Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society.[44]
-
Figure 6.
Illustration of the different separation process: (a) Solvent extraction.[89] Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. (b) Chemical precipitation.[90] Copyright 2016, Elsevier. (c) Electrolysis.[91] Copyright 2021, Elsevier.
-
Figure 7.
Flowchart of regeneration process for cathode materials: (a) Hydrothermal method.[107] Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. (b) Solid phase method.[110] Copyright 2021, Elsevier. (c) Co-precipitation.[98] Copyright 2017, Elsevier. (d) Sol-gel method.[118] Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society.
-
Figure 8.
(a) The flowchart of the 3D sea-urchin-like CoN-Gr-2 preparation process from spent LIBs, and the enhanced water splitting performance of CoN-Gr-2.[130] Copyright 2021, Elsevier. (b) Schematic diagram of modified separator by spent LiCoO2 cathode.[133] Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society (c) Using of spent LiCoO2 to regulate the π-conjugated structure of g-C3N4 and the mechanism of synergistic effect of Li-Cl-Co.[131] Copyright 2021, The Royal Society of Chemistry.
-
Figure 9.
(a) Preparation of 2D graphene oxide by graphite in spent LIBs.[135] Copyright 2021, Elsevier. (b) Regeneration of the anode.[136] Copyright 2019, Elsevier. (c) Preparation of ORR catalyst by he spent graphite anode.[137] Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH GmbH. (d) Spent graphite anode used as electrode materials for dual-ion battery.[138] Copyright 2022, Springer Nature.
-
Figure 10.
(a) Thermolysis of battery electrolyte produced syngas.[149] Copyright 2021, Elsevier. (b) Reclaimed electrolytes from spent LIBs.[150] Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society.
