| Citation: |
Yueqi Kong, Nashaat Ahmed Gadelhak, Shuimei Chen, Dmitrii Rakov, Ashok Kumar Nanjundan, Chengzhong Yu, Xiaodan Huang. Cathode choices for rechargeable aluminium batteries: the past decade and future[J]. Materials Lab, 2023, 2(2): 220055. doi: 10.54227/mlab.20220055
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Cathode choices for rechargeable aluminium batteries: the past decade and future
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Abstract
Rechargeable aluminium batteries are a promising alternative battery technology compared to lithium-ion batteries, because of the high theoretical capacity, low cost and high safety of aluminium. The past decade has witnessed the rapid development of rechargeable aluminium battery technology with the focus on exploring high performance cathode materials and investigating their charge storage mechanisms. However, the challenges in the cathode research including inadequate capacity, sluggish reaction kinetics and inferior cycling stability still remain. Various strategies have been attempted to address these challenges to realize the advantages of rechargeable aluminium batteries. The present review aims to collect the comprehensive body of research performed in the literature hitherto to develop interaction/conversion/coordination type cathodes for rechargeable aluminium batteries. Future research directions and prospects in rechargeable aluminium battery field are also proposed.
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Author Biographies
Yueqi Kong received her PhD degree (2022) from the University of Queensland (Australia). She is currently a postdoctoral research fellow under the supervision of Prof. Chengzhong Yu and Dr. Xiaodan Huang at the University of Queensland (Australia). Her research focuses on the design and synthesis of electrode materials for Rechargeable aluminium batteries. 
Nashaat Ahmed received his Bachelor (2012) and Master degree (2018) at Beni Suef University (Egypt). He is currently a Ph.D. student under the supervision of Prof. Chengzhong Yu and Dr. Xiaodan Huang at the University of Queensland (Australia). His research focuses on the constructing portable rechargeable aluminium batteries by improving assembly technology, including design separators, and optimizing electrodes. 
Shuimei Chen received her Master degree in China University of Geosciences, Wuhan in 2019. She is currently a Ph.D. student under the supervision of Dr. Xiaodan Huang and Prof. Chengzhong Yu at the University of Queensland (Australia). Her research focuses on the design and synthesis of electrode materials for rechargeable aluminium ion batteries. 
Dmitrii Rakov received his PhD degree in Deakin University (Australia) in 2022 under the supervision of Prof. Maria Forsyth. He is currently a postdoctoral research fellow under the supervision of Prof. Chengzhong Yu and Dr. Xiaodan Huang at the University of Queensland (Australia). His research focuses on the optimization of the charge transfer mechanism in energy storage devices. 
Ashok Kumar Nanjundan received his PhD degree in Materials Chemistry from Pukyong National University (Korea) in 2010 and then worked as a research fellow at Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission, France, Trinity College Dublin, Kumamoto University, and the University of Queensland until 2019. He is currently the chief scientific officer of Graphene Manufacturing Group Ltd. (Australia) and holds adjunct professor positions at the University of Queensland and Queensland University of Technology. Dr. Ashok Kumar Nanjundan has over 20 years of academic and commercial chemical and materials engineering experience focused on carbon nanomaterials (graphene) for energy storage and conversion applications. 
Chengzhong Yu received his PhD degree in Chemistry from Fudan University (China) in 2002 and then worked as a professor at Fudan University until 2010. He is currently a professor at the University of Queensland (Australia) and East China Normal University. His research focuses on nanoporous materials and nanostructured composites for applications in biotechnology, clean energy, and environmental protection. 
Xiaodan Huang received his Bachelor (2007) and PhD degrees (2012) Chemistry from Fudan University (China). He is currently an Advance Queensland Research Fellow in Professor Chengzhong Yu's group at the University of Queensland (Australia). His research focuses on the design and synthesis of novel nanostructured materials for energy storage and environmental protection. -
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Yueqi Kong, Nashaat Ahmed Gadelhak, Shuimei Chen, Dmitrii Rakov, Ashok Kumar Nanjundan, Chengzhong Yu, Xiaodan Huang. Cathode choices for rechargeable aluminium batteries: the past decade and future[J]. Materials Lab, 2023, 2(2): 220055. doi: 10.54227/mlab.20220055
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Figure 1.
Comparison of Al and other metal anodes in electrochemical systems in terms of gravimetric and volumetric capacity, abundance, and cost.
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Figure 2.
A brief history of Aluminum battery developments.[16,27] Copyright 2015, Nature Publishing Group. Copyright 2010, IOP Publishing.
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Figure 3.
Typical configuration of a RAB cell using chloroaluminate anions as the charge carrier.
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Figure 4.
The comparison of the redox mechanisms, advantages and challenges of different types of cathodes in RABs.
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Figure 5.
a SEM image of 3D graphitic foam; scale bar, 300 μm. Inset, photograph of 3D graphitic foam; scale bar, 1 cm. b Working mechanism of Al-graphite cell.[16] Copyright 2015, Nature Publishing Group.
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Figure 6.
a Scheme of edge-rich graphene and CVD-grown graphene foam for RABs.[29] Copyright 2018, Elsevier. b SEM images showing in-plane nanovoids formation throughout the graphene foam after Ar+-plasma etching.[30] Copyright 2017, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. c Schematics of AlCl4− intercalation chemistry in few-layer graphene and thick graphite cathode.[33] Copyright 2017, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. d Schematic of defect-free graphene design.[35] Copyright 2017, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. e “3H3C” design and photograph of graphene cathode.[36] Copyright 2017, American Association for the Advancement of Science.
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Figure 7.
a Schematic illustration of the energy storage (up) and capacity-deterioration (down) mechanisms for CoSe2@C-ND cathode. b SEM images of CoSe2@C-ND@rGO. c Cycling performance of CoSe2@C-ND@rGO and rGO cathodes at the current density of 1 A g−1.[71] Copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry.
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Figure 8.
a A typical charge-discharge curves and b cycling stability of the Al-S battery with S@microporous carbon cathode.[80] Copyright 2016, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. c Schematic illustration of the charge-discharge mechanism of the Al-S battery.[82] Copyright 2017, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. d UV-vs spectra of the S cathodes discharged in Li-S, Na-S and Al-S batteries.[81] Copyright 2018, Cell Press. e Schematic illustration of the preparation of S@HKUST-10C. f Cycling performance of S@HKUST-10C, S@C, and S under 1 A g−1.[84] Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.
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Figure 9.
a Schematic illustration of the proposed mechanism of Al-Se batteries using Se nanowires and CMK-3 composite cathodes, and reversible reaction of the Se cathode.[91] Copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry. b The schematic diagram of the redox cycle process of Se cathode.[92] Copyright 2020, Elsevier.
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Figure 10.
a Working mechanism and b cyclic stability of an Al-Te cell.[97] Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society.
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Figure 11.
a Electrochemical redox chemistry of PQ-∆ cathode.[111] Copyright 2019, Nature Publishing Group. b Electrochemical redox mechanism of TDK cathode.[115] Copyright 2021, Nature Publishing Group. c Electrochemical redox mechanism and d charge-discharge curves and cycling stability of PANI (H+)@AWCNT cathode.[112] Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.
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Figure 12.
a Working mechanism of a RAB cell during charging with a polypyrene cathode. b Electrochemical performance of RABs with polypyrene and pyrene as cathodes.[113] Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.
