| Citation: |
Chunyan Qin, Zhilian Yue, Nieves Casañ-Pastor, Jun Chen, Gordon Wallace. The promises and future directions of wireless stimulation in biomedical applications[J]. Materials Lab, 2023, 2(2): 220058. doi: 10.54227/mlab.20220058
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The promises and future directions of wireless stimulation in biomedical applications
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Abstract
Wireless stimulation (WS) technologies have been developed as powerful strategies to modulate cellular behaviour and biological activity remotely and noninvasively through wireless manipulation of electrical signal. These WS systems are constructed from the electrically stimulus-responsive materials (magnetoelectric, piezoelectric, optoelectronic, and bipolar electroactive materials) that are triggered by the primary driving force, general like magnetic field, ultrasound, light, and electric field. With a deeper understanding of the integral role of electrical stimulation played in biological cells, tissues, and organs, WS has become the promising technique to work on neural cell stimulation, for either functional or repair effects, and other biological activities including drug release, electroporation and cancer treatment. This paper summarises existing WS systems in accordance with the utilised stimulus-responsive materials. Also, future directions of WS in potential biomedical applications are discussed. Along with the development of emerging techniques such as bipolar electrochemistry and 3D printing, more effective WS systems will be allowed to apply in biosystems with a change of paradigm.
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Author Biographies
Chunyan Qin is currently a postdoctoral research fellow at Intelligent Polymer Research Institute (IPRI), University of Wollongong (UOW). She received her PhD degree there in 2022. Her research interests lie in biomaterials, bio interfaces, cell culture/stimulation, drug delivery, biosensors, biomedical devices etc. In 2019, she received the Bill Wheeler Award for best communicating the social impact of her bionics research. 
ZhilianYue is currently a principle research fellow in the intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong. Her research interests include tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, 3D bioprinting and medical bionics. 
Nieves Casañ-Pastor is Research Professor at teh CSIC Institut de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona, Spain. Her reserach interests are electroactive materials with mixed valence and mixed conductivity as electrodes, and the local resolution required to characterize gradient materials, as well as the implications in biostimulation and energy storage. She has been CSIC Scientific Comitte a¡Advisor and has recieved a number of Grants and Awards. 
Jun Chen is currently appointed as Associate Dean of Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), and Head of Postgraduate Studies of IPRI/UOW. His research interests include electroactive materials, catalysis, sustainable energy devices/systems, electro-/bio-interfaces, nano/micro- materials, 2D/3D printing and wearable electronic devices. He has authored over 260 peer-reviewed publications in international journals with an h-index of 78. Chen has been identified as Highly Cited Researchers in Cross Field (2018|2020-2022) and received Vice-Chancellor's Award for Researcher of the Year (UOW) in 2021. 
Gordon G. Wallace is director of IPRI, ACES, and ANFF (Materials Node). He leads a world-class integrated multidisciplinary and multi-organisational team with a global impact in the design and utilisation of electromaterials for bionics. His research has resulted in excess of 1,020 refereed publications, with more than 50,000 citations, and an h-index of 103. The quality of CI Wallace’s work is attested by the June 2018 data from the Clarivate Analytics’ Essential Science Indicators lists, which rank the top 1% of authors of papers and 1% of papers by citations, published in the last 10 years. -
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Received Date:
08 December 2022
Revised Date:
10 January 2023
Accepted Date:
07 February 2023
Available Online:
24 February 2023
Publish Date:
12 July 2023
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Chunyan Qin, Zhilian Yue, Nieves Casañ-Pastor, Jun Chen, Gordon Wallace. The promises and future directions of wireless stimulation in biomedical applications[J]. Materials Lab, 2023, 2(2): 220058. doi: 10.54227/mlab.20220058
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Figure 1.
Bipolar electroactive conjugated polymers based WS systems. Bipolar electrochemical activity of PPy was realised and enhanced with PMAS incorporation in biological solution, displaying gradient colours across the surfaces (left). Soft PPy matrix was obtained with removal of rigid substrate (middle). Both rat pheochromocytoma cell (PC 12) and human neuroblastoma cell (SH-SY5Y) differentiation was promoted due to the enhanced bipolar electroactivity and the addition of softness property (right).[4,31–33] Copyright 2020, 2022 Elsevier Ltd.
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Figure 2.
Schematic of various 3D printed bipolar electroactive architectures. a Lattice and cylindrical structures and b nerve conduits.
