| Citation: |
Yuqing Liu, Yuyang Hou, Lili Liu, Jun Chen, Jiazhao Wang. Nanostructured carbon-based cathode materials for non-aqueous Li-O2 batteries[J]. Materials Lab, 2023, 2(1): 220015. doi: 10.54227/mlab.20220015
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Nanostructured carbon-based cathode materials for non-aqueous Li-O2 batteries
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Abstract
Carbon-based materials have enabled the fabrication of various energy conversion and storage devices with enhanced performances. In this paper, we review in detail different nanostructured carbon-based materials (such as commercial carbon, carbon nanotube/nanofibre, graphene, porous carbon, functionalised carbon, and composite carbon materials with noble metals and metal oxides) as cathodes for non-aqueous Li-O2 batteries. From a materials point of view, the latest trends (mostly since 2012) in the design of catalysts for non-aqueous Li-O2 batteries are discussed. Finally, a summary and outlook for nanostructured carbon-based materials for non-aqueous Li-O2 batteries are presented, including the challenges that lie ahead.
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Keywords:
- Nanostructure /
- Carbon-based materials /
- Cathode materials /
- Catalysts /
- Non-aqueous Li-O2 batteries
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Author Biographies
Yuqing Liu received her Ph.D. (2018) and finished her postdoc work as associate researcher (2019) in the Intelligent Polymer Research Institute (IPRI), University of Wollongong, Australia. She is currently an assistant researcher in University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC). Her research interest is on the fabrication of wearable energy storage and conversion devices (e.g., thermo-cells, batteries, supercapacitors, etc.), mainly focusing on nanostructured electrode materials, gel electrolyte/electrode interface, and device fabrication via printing techniques. 
Jun Chen received his Ph.D. in 2003 from School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Australia. His research interests include: Electrochemistry, Catalysis, Sustainable Energy Devices/Systems, Electro-/Bio- Interfaces, Nano/Micro- Materials, 2D/3D Printing, and Smart Wearable Electronic Devices. Professor Chen has published over 250 papers with H-index of 73, and has been identified as Highly Cited Researchers in Cross Field (2018 | 2020 | 2021) by Web of Science - Clarivate Analytics. In 2021, Professor Chen has been admitted as a Fellow of Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC). 
Jiazhao Wang is appointed as a Professor in Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM) | Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM) at University of Wollongong (Australia). She received her B.Sc in Chemistry and M.Sc and PhD (2003) in Materials Science. Her research interests include lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, metal-air batteries, supercapacitors and electrocatalysis of Oxygen Reduction, Oxygen Evolution, and Hydrogen Evolution Reactions. Professor Wang has published over 300 refereed journal papers and been identified as Highly Cited Researcher in Materials Science (2018 & 2019) by Web of Science Clarivate Analytics. Professor Wang is a Fellow of Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC). -
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Yuqing Liu, Yuyang Hou, Lili Liu, Jun Chen, Jiazhao Wang. Nanostructured carbon-based cathode materials for non-aqueous Li-O2 batteries[J]. Materials Lab, 2023, 2(1): 220015. doi: 10.54227/mlab.20220015
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Figure 1.
Schematic illustration of the morphological evolution of the discharge product during the 1st and higher cycle numbers and the corresponding influence on the charging voltage. [62] Copyright 2012, American Chemical Society.
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Figure 2.
Discharge-charge performance of lithium-oxygen batteries with a graphene nanosheets (GNSs), b BP-2000, and c Vulcan XC-72 cathodes at a current density of 75 mA g−1.[76] Copyright 2011, The Royal Society of Chemistry.
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Figure 3.
Morphologies of graphene-based air electrode. a, b SEM images of as-prepared FGS (C/O = 14) air electrodes. c, d Discharged air electrode containing FGS with C/O = 14 and C/O =100, respectively. e Transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of discharged air electrode consisting of FGS with C/O = 14. f Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern of the Li2O2 particles on FGS with C/O = 14. [77] Copyright 2011, American Chemical Society.
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Figure 4.
Cycling performance of Li-O2 batteries at a current density of 250mA g−1 with a fixed capacity of 1000mAh g−1 using different wt% MMCSAs: a 0, b 5, c 10, d 30, e 50 and f 80wt%. [82] Copyright 2013, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
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Figure 5.
SEM image of VA-NCCF and first charge-discharge curve of the VA-NCCF electrode under current density of 100 mA g−1.[86] Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society.
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Figure 6.
Discharge-charge voltage curves of lithium-air batteries using noble metal catalysts supported on rGO electrode. Results for specific current of 200 mA g−1, over 10 h. a, 1st cycle for catalyst-free and catalyst-loaded rGO electrodes, b, Pt-rGO hybrid, c, Pd-rGO hybrid, and d, Ru-rGO hybride. [88] Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society.
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Figure 7.
Discharge-charge cycles for Li-air cells using rGO, Ru-rGO hybrid, and Ru2O·0.64H2O-rGO hybrid under various specific capacity limits. a-c, Current = 200 mA g−1; time = 10 h; cycling capacity = 2000 mAh g−l; voltage profiles of a, fifth cycle and following cycles of b, Ru-rGO hybrid and c, Ru2O·0.64H2O-rGO hybrid. (d-f) Current = 500 mA g−1; time = 10 h; cycling capacity = 5000 mAh g−l; voltage profiles of d, fifth cycle and following cycles of Ru-rGO hybrid and f, Ru2O·0.64H2O-rGO hybrid. [94] Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society.
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Figure 8.
a, First discharge-charge profiles for Li-O2 cells with KetJenblack (KB) or Co3O4/rGO/KB at 25 °C at a current rate of 140 mA g−l. b, XRD patterns of the cells in a on first discharge. Reflections of Li2O2 are marked. c, SEM micrographs of the discharged electrodes at 6000 mAh gc−1: (ci) Co3O4/rGO/KB and (cii) KB. d, Chronoamperometry curves showing normalized current evolution with time at 2.25 V. e, Linear sweep voltammetry following a hold at 2.25 V for 1 h. f, Voltage profiles on charge for cells containing chemically deposited Li2O2 in the presence of either Co3O4/rGO/KB or KB.[98] Copyright 2013, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
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Figure 9.
Schematic illustration of the synthetic strategy for the Co3O4 NF/GNF composite. [99] Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society.
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Figure 10.
a, The first discharge/charge profiles of Li-O2 batteries with pristine-carbon nanotube, Mo2C, and Mo2C/carbon nanotube electrodes. b, Cycling performance of the Li-O2 battery with the Mo2C/carbon nanotube electrode at a discharge capacity of 500 mA h gtotal−1 and a current density of 100 mA gtotal−1. c, The first 10 cycles of Li-O2 batteries with the Mo2C/carbon nanotube electrode at current densities of 100, 200, 500, and 1000 mA gtotal−1 with a dicharge capacity of 500 mA h gtotal−1. d, Cycling performance of the Li-O2 battery with the Mo2C/carbon nanotube electrode at a discharge capacity of 1000 mA h gtotal−1 and a current density of 200 mA gtotal−1.[106] Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society.
